Who Is the Leader of the Texas House of Representatives

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Party leaders of the U.Due south. Business firm of Representatives

Party leaders and whips of the United States House of Representatives, too known as flooring leaders, are elected by their respective parties in a airtight-door caucus by secret ballot.^[ane] With the Democrats holding a majority of seats and the Republicans holding a minority, the electric current leaders are Majority Leader Steny Hoyer, Bulk Whip Jim Clyburn, Minority Leader Kevin McCarthy and Minority Whip Steve Scalise.

Job description [edit]

Unlike the Senate Majority Leader, the House Bulk Leader is the second highest-ranking member of his or her party's House caucus, behind the Speaker of the House.^{[ citation needed ]} The Majority Leader's actual duties and prominence vary depending on the Speaker's power and style. Typically, the Speaker does not participate in debate and rarely votes on the flooring.^{[ citation needed ]} In some cases, Majority Leaders have been more influential than the Speaker; notably, Tom DeLay was more prominent than Speaker Dennis Hastert.^{[ commendation needed ]} In addition, Speaker Newt Gingrich delegated to Dick Armey an unprecedented level of say-so over scheduling legislation on the House floor.^[2]

The electric current Minority Leader, Kevin McCarthy, serves equally flooring leader of the opposition party. Unlike the Majority Leader, the Minority Leader is on the ballot for Speaker of the Business firm during the convening of the Congress.^{[ commendation needed ]} If the Minority Leader's party takes control of the House, and the party officers are all reelected to their seats, the Minority Leader is usually the party'southward tiptop pick for Speaker for the adjacent Congress, while the Minority Whip is typically in line to become Majority Leader. The Minority Leader usually meets with the Bulk Leader and the Speaker to discuss agreements on controversial bug.^{[ citation needed ]}

The Speaker, Majority Leader, Minority Leader, Majority Whip and Minority Whip all receive special office suites in the United states Capitol.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Option [edit]

The floor leaders and whips of each political party are elected by their respective parties in a airtight-door caucus by secret ballot.^[3] The Speaker-presumptive is assumed to be the incoming Speaker, but they take not been formally selected to be nominated for Speaker past the majority party'southward caucus. After this period, the Speaker-designate is as well chosen in a closed-door session by the largest caucus although they are formally installed in their position past a public vote when Congress reconvenes.^[1]

Like the Speaker of the House, the Minority Leaders are typically experienced lawmakers when they win election to this position. When Nancy Pelosi, D-CA, became Minority Leader in the 108th Congress, she had served in the Firm near xx years and had served every bit minority whip in the 107th Congress. When her predecessor, Dick Gephardt, D-MO, became minority leader in the 104th House, he had been in the House for almost 20 years, had served as chairman of the Democratic Caucus for four years, had been a 1988 presidential candidate, and had been majority leader from June 1989 until Republicans captured control of the House in the November 1994 elections. Gephardt's predecessor in the minority leadership position was Robert Michel, R-IL, who became GOP Leader in 1981 after spending 24 years in the Firm. Michel's predecessor, Republican John Rhodes of Arizona, was elected Minority Leader in 1973 after 20 years of House service.

By contrast, political party leaders of the United States Senate have frequently ascended to their position despite relatively few years of experience in that chamber,^{[ citation needed ]} such equally Lyndon B. Johnson, William F. Knowland, Tom Daschle, and Bill Frist. Former House Majority Leader Eric Cantor likewise had a comparatively quick rising to the post and was the youngest Business firm Majority Leader in American history.^{[ citation needed ]}

Majority Leader [edit]

The House Bulk Leader's duties vary, depending upon the political makeup of the majority caucus. In several recent sessions of Congress, with the notable exception of the Pelosi speakership, the Majority Leader has been primarily responsible for scheduling the House floor's legislative agenda and direct management for all Business firm committees.^{[ citation needed ]}

One statutory duty, per nineteen U.South.C. § 2191(c)(1), stipulates that an implementing bill submitted by the President of the Usa for a fast-track negotiating authority (trade promotion potency) merchandise agreement must be introduced (by request) in the House past the Bulk Leader of the House.^{[ citation needed ]}

History [edit]

Before 1899, the majority party floor leader had traditionally been the Chairman of the House Ways and Ways Committee, the well-nigh powerful committee in the Business firm, as it generates the Bills of Revenue specified in the Constitution equally the House's unique power.^[4]

The office of Majority Leader was created in 1899 and first occupied by Sereno Payne.^[5] Speaker David B. Henderson created the position to establish a party leader on the House flooring separate from the Speaker, as the role of Speaker had become more than prominent and the size of the House had grown from 105 at the beginning of the century to 356.^{[ citation needed ]}

Starting with Republican Nicholas Longworth in 1925 and continuing until 1995, all bulk leaders take straight ascended to the Speakership after the incumbent surrenders the position. The merely exceptions during this menstruum were Charles A. Halleck, who served as Majority Leader from 1947-1949, ultimately did non go Speaker because his political party lost the House in the 1948 House election, and served as Bulk Leader in 1953-1955, ultimately did not go Speaker considering his political party lost command over the House after the 1954 House Election and would not regain the House until 1994 (Halleck had been dead for years at this betoken); Hale Boggs, who served equally Majority Leader from 1971-1973, died in a airplane crash; and Dick Gephardt, who served as Bulk Leader from 1989-1995 descended to Minority Leader since his party lost control in the 1994 midterm elections.

Since 1995, the but Majority Leader to become Speaker is John Boehner, though indirectly as his party lost command in the 2006 midterms elections. He subsequently served as Republican House leader and Minority Leader from 2007 to 2011 and then was elected Speaker when the House reconvened in 2011. In 1998, when Speaker Newt Gingrich announced his resignation, neither Majority Leader Dick Armey nor Majority Whip Tom Filibuster contested the Speakership, which somewhen went to Chief Deputy Whip Dennis Hastert.

Traditionally, the Speaker is viewed as the leader of the majority political party in the House, with the Majority Leader as second-in-command. For instance, when the Republicans gained the bulk in the Firm after the 2010 elections, Boehner ascended to the Speakership while Eric Cantor succeeded Boehner as Majority Leader. Cantor was understood to be the 2nd-ranking Republican in the House since Boehner was the indisputable leader of the Business firm Republicans. However, there have been some exceptions. The most recent exception to this rule came when Majority Leader Tom DeLay was considered more prominent Speaker Dennis Hastert from 2003 to 2006.^[6]

In contrast, the Minority Leader is the undisputed leader of the minority party. For example, when the Republicans lost their majority in the 2022 elections, McCarthy was elected as Minority Leader and hence replaced Ryan every bit the highest-ranking House Republican.

When the Presidency and both Houses of Congress are controlled by one political party, the Speaker unremarkably takes a low profile and defers to the President.^{[ citation needed ]} For that state of affairs, the House Minority Leader tin can play the role of a de facto "leader of the opposition", frequently more so than the Senate Minority Leader, owing to the more partisan nature of the House and the greater role of leadership.

When the Majority Leader'south party loses control of the House, and if the Speaker and Majority Leader both remain in the leadership hierarchy, convention suggests that they would become the Minority Leader and Minority Whip, respectively. Every bit the minority political party has one less leadership position afterward losing the speaker's chair, there may be a contest for the remaining leadership positions. Nancy Pelosi is the most recent example of an outgoing Speaker seeking the Minority Leader mail service to retain the Firm party leadership, as the Democrats lost command of the House in the 2010 elections. She ran successfully for Minority Leader in the 112th Congress.^{[7] [8]}

In 2014, Eric Cantor became the get-go House Majority Leader to lose a primary election. Following his main defeat, Cantor announced his resignation as Majority Leader, effective July 31, 2014,^{[9] [10] [11] [12] [xiii] [14]} and he later on resigned his seat in Congress.^[xv]

Minority Leader [edit]

Responsibilities [edit]

From an institutional perspective, the rules of the House assign a number of specific responsibilities to the minority leader. For example, Rule XII, clause 6, grant the minority leader (or their designee) the right to offer a motion to recommit with instructions; Rule II, clause vi, states the Inspector General shall exist appointed past articulation recommendation of the Speaker, majority leader, and minority leader; and Rule XV, clause 6, provides that the Speaker, after consultation with the minority leader, may identify legislation on the Corrections Calendar. The minority leader too has other institutional duties, such as appointing individuals to certain federal entities.

From a party perspective, the minority leader has a wide range of partisan assignments, all geared toward retaking majority control of the House. Five principal party activities straight the work of the minority leader.

1. The minority leader provides campaign assistance to party incumbents and challengers.
2. The minority leader devises strategies, in consultation with other partisan colleagues, that advance party objectives. For example, by stalling action on the majority party's agenda, the minority leader may exist able to launch a entrada against a "do-null Congress."
3. The minority leader works to promote and publicize the party's agenda.
4. The minority leader, if their party controls the White House, confers regularly with the President and the President'southward aides about issues before Congress, the Administration'south agenda, and political events more often than not.
5. The minority leader strives to promote party harmony and so as to maximize the chances for legislative and political success.

The roles and responsibilities of the minority leader are not well-defined. To a large extent, the functions of the minority leader are defined past tradition and custom. A minority leader from 1931 to 1939, Representative Bertrand Snell, R-Northward.Y., provided this "job description": "He is spokesman for his political party and enunciates its policies. He is required to be alarm and vigilant in defense of the minority's rights. Information technology is his function and duty to criticize constructively the policies and programs of the majority, and to this terminate apply parliamentary tactics and give shut attention to all proposed legislation."^[16]

Since Snell'due south clarification, other responsibilities have been added to the chore. These duties involve an array of institutional and party functions. Earlier examining the institutional and party assignments of the minority leader, it is worth highlighting the historical origin of this position.

Origin of the post [edit]

To a large extent, the minority leader's position is a 20th-century innovation. Prior to this time congressional parties were often relatively disorganized, so it was not always evident who functioned every bit the opposition floor leader. Decades went past earlier anything like the mod two-political party congressional organisation emerged on Capitol Hill with official titles for those who were its official leaders. All the same, from the earliest days of Congress, diverse House members intermittently assumed the function of "opposition leader". Some scholars advise that Representative James Madison of Virginia informally functioned as the first "minority leader" because in the First Congress he led the opposition to Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton'southward fiscal policies.^[17]

During this early period, information technology was more usual that neither major party grouping (Federalists and Democratic-Republicans) had an official leader. In 1813, for example, a scholar recounts that the Federalist minority of 36 Members needed a commission of xiii "to represent a party comprising a distinct minority" and "to coordinate the actions of men who were already partisans in the same cause."^[18] In 1828, a strange observer of the House offered this perspective on the absence of formal political party leadership on Capitol Loma:

I found in that location were absolutely no persons holding the stations of what are called, in England, Leaders, on either side of the House.... It is true, that certain members practise take charge of administration questions, and certain others of opposition questions; but all this and then apparently without concert among themselves, actual or tacit, that aught tin be conceived less systematic or more completely sporadic, disjointed.^[19]

Internal political party disunity compounded the difficulty of identifying lawmakers who might have informally functioned every bit a minority leader. For example, "seven of the fourteen speakership elections from 1834 through 1859 had at to the lowest degree xx different candidates in the field. Thirty-six competed in 1839, ninety-seven in 1849, 90-ane in 1859, and 138 in 1855."^[20] With so many candidates competing for the speakership, it is not at all clear that i of the defeated lawmakers and so assumed the mantle of "minority leader." The Democratic minority from 1861 to 1875 was so completely disorganized that they did not "nominate a candidate for Speaker in two of these seven Congresses and nominated no man more than one time in the other five. The defeated candidates were not automatically looked to for leadership."^[21]

In the judgment of political scientist Randall Ripley, since 1883 "the candidate for Speaker nominated by the minority party has clearly been the Minority Leader."^[22] Notwithstanding, this assertion is subject to dispute. On December 3, 1883, the House elected Democrat John G. Carlisle of Kentucky as Speaker. Republicans placed in nomination for the speakership J. Warren Keifer of Ohio, who was Speaker the previous Congress.^[23] Conspicuously, Keifer was not the Republicans' minority leader. He was a discredited leader in function because as Speaker he arbitrarily handed out "option jobs to close relatives ... all at handsome salaries."^[24] Keifer received "the empty honor of the minority nomination. But with it came a sting -- for while this naturally involves the floor leadership, he was deserted by his [partisan] associates and his career equally a national figure terminated ingloriously."^[25] Representative Thomas Reed, R-ME, who later became Speaker, assumed the de facto role of minority flooring leader in Keifer'south stead. "[A]lthough Keifer was the minority'southward candidate for Speaker, Reed became its best-selling leader, and ever afterwards, and so long as he served in the House, remained the most conspicuous member of his political party.^[26]

Another scholar contends that the minority leader position emerged even before 1883. On the Democratic side, "at that place were serious caucus fights for the minority speakership nomination in 1871 and 1873," indicating that the "nomination carried with it some vestige of leadership."^[27] Further, when Republicans were in the minority, the political party nominated for Speaker a serial of prominent lawmakers, including ex-Speaker James Blaine of Maine in 1875, former Appropriations Chairman James A. Garfield of Ohio, in 1876, 1877, and 1879, and ex-Speaker Keifer in 1883. "Information technology is hard to believe that House partisans would identify a human being in the speakership when in the majority, and nominate him for this office when in the minority, and not look to him for legislative guidance."^[27] This was not the case, according to some observers, with respect to ex-Speaker Keifer.

In brief, at that place is disagreement among historical analysts as to the exact time menstruum when the minority leadership emerged officially every bit a political party position. Nonetheless, information technology seems safety to conclude that the position emerged during the latter office of the 19th century, a period of strong political party organization and professional politicians. This era was "marked by potent partisan attachments, resilient patronage-based party organizations, and...loftier levels of party voting in Congress."^[28] Plainly, these were weather condition conducive to the establishment of a more than highly differentiated Firm leadership structure.^[29]

Minority political party nominees for Speaker, 1865–1897 [edit]

While the Office of the House Historian only lists Minority Leaders starting in 1899,^[30] the minority's nominees for Speaker (at the beginning of each Congress) may be considered their party'due south leaders earlier that fourth dimension.

• 1865: James Brooks (D-NY)
• 1867: Samuel S. Marshall (D-IL)
• 1869: Michael C. Kerr (D-IN)
• 1871: George W. Morgan (D-OH)
• 1873: Fernando Wood (D-NY)
• 1875: James Gillespie Blaine (R-ME)
• 1877, 1879: James Abram Garfield (R-OH)
• 1881: Samuel Jackson Randall (D-PA)
• 1883: Joseph Warren Keifer (R-OH)
• 1885, 1887: Thomas Brackett Reed (R-ME)
• 1889: John Griffin Carlisle (D-KY)
• 1891, 1893: Thomas Brackett Reed (R-ME)
• 1895: Charles F. Crisp (D-GA)
• 1897: Joseph West. Bailey (D-TX)^[31]

Trends [edit]

Ii other points of historical interest merit brief mention. Beginning, until the 61st Congress (1909–1910), "it was the custom to have the minority leader also serve every bit the ranking minority fellow member on the ii virtually powerful committees, Rules and Ways and Means."^[32] Today, the minority leader no longer serves on these committees; all the same, they appoint the minority members of the Rules Committee and influence the consignment of partisan colleagues to the Ways and Means Commission.

Second, Democrats have always elevated their minority floor leader to the speakership upon reclaiming majority status. Republicans have not e'er followed this leadership succession design. In 1919, for instance, Republicans bypassed James R. Mann, R-IL, who had been minority leader for 8 years, and elected Frederick Gillett, R-MA, to be Speaker. Mann "had angered many Republicans by objecting to their private bills on the floor;" also he was a protégé of autocratic Speaker Joseph Cannon, R-IL (1903–1911), and many Members "suspected that he would effort to re-centralize power in his easily if elected Speaker."^[33] More than recently, although Robert H. Michel was the Minority Leader in 1994 when the Republicans regained control of the House in the 1994 midterm elections, he had already announced his retirement and had piddling or no involvement in the entrada, including the Contract with America which was unveiled six weeks before voting day.

In the instance when the Presidency and both Houses of Congress are controlled by one party, the Speaker normally assumes a lower profile and defers to the President. For that situation the Business firm Minority Leader tin play the part of a de facto "leader of the opposition", often more and then than the Senate Minority Leader, due to the more partisan nature of the House and the greater function of leadership. Minority Leaders who take played prominent roles in opposing the incumbent President have included Gerald Ford, Richard Gephardt, Nancy Pelosi, and John Boehner.

Institutional functions [edit]

The way and role of any minority leader is influenced by a variety of elements, including personality and contextual factors, such as the size and cohesion of the minority political party, whether their party controls the White Firm, the general political climate in the Business firm, and the controversy that is sometimes associated with the legislative agenda. Despite the variability of these factors, there are a number of institutional obligations associated with this position. Many of these assignments or roles are spelled out in the House rule book. Others have devolved upon the position in other ways. To be sure, the minority leader is provided with extra staff resources—beyond those accorded him or her as a Representative—to assist in carrying out diverse leadership functions. Worth emphasis is that there are limits on the institutional role of the minority leader, because the bulk party exercises disproportionate influence over the agenda, partisan ratios on committees, staff resource, administrative operations, and the twenty-four hours-to-day schedule and management of flooring activities.

Under the rules of the House, the minority leader has certain roles and responsibilities. They include the post-obit:

Drug Testing. Under Rule I, clause 9, the "Speaker, in consultation with the Minority Leader, shall develop through an appropriate entity of the House a system for drug testing in the House."

Inspector Full general. Dominion Two, clause six, states that the "Inspector Full general shall exist appointed for a Congress by the Speaker, the Majority Leader, and the Minority Leader, acting jointly." This rule farther states that the minority leader and other specified House leaders shall exist notified of any financial irregularity involving the Firm and receive audit reports of the inspector full general.

Questions of Privilege. Under Rule 9, clause 2, a resolution "offered every bit a question of privilege by the Majority Leader or the Minority Leader ... shall accept precedence of all other questions except motions to curb." This rule farther references the minority leader with respect to the sectionalisation of time for fence of these resolutions.

Oversight Plans. Under Dominion X, clause ii, not afterwards "than March 31 in the first session of a Congress, after consultation with the Speaker, the Majority Leader, and the Minority Leader, the Committee on Regime Reform shall written report to the House the oversight plans" of the standing committees along with any recommendations it or the House leaders have proposed to ensure the effective coordination of committees' oversight plans.

Committee on Standards of Official Conduct: Investigative Subcommittees. Dominion X, clause v, stipulates: "At the commencement of a Congress, the Speaker or his designee and the Minority Leader or his designee each shall appoint x Members, Delegates, or Resident Commissioners from his respective party who are not members of the Committee on Standards of Official Carry to be available to serve on investigative subcommittees of that committee during that Congress."

Permanent Select Commission on Intelligence. "The Speaker and Minority Leader shall be ex officio members of the select committee but shall have no vote in the select committee and may not exist counted for purposes of determining a quorum." In add-on, each leader may designate a member of his leadership staff to help him with his ex officio duties. (Rule X, clause xi).

Motion to Recommit with Instructions. Under Dominion XIII, clause 6, the Rules Committee may not (except in certain specified circumstances) issue a "dominion" that prevents the minority leader or a designee from offering a motion to recommit with instructions.

In addition, the minority leader has a number of other institutional functions. For instance, the minority leader is sometimes statutorily authorized to appoint individuals to certain federal entities; they and the majority leader each name three Members to serve as Private Calendar objectors; they are consulted with respect to reconvening the House per the usual conception of conditional concurrent adjournment resolutions; they are a traditional member of the House Office Edifice Commission; they are a member of the U.s.a. Capitol Preservation Committee; and they may, after consultation with the Speaker, convene an early organizational political party caucus or briefing. Informally, the minority leader maintains ties with majority party leaders to learn virtually the schedule and other Firm matters and forges agreements or understandings with them insofar as viable.

Party functions [edit]

The minority leader has a number of formal and informal political party responsibilities. Formally, the rules of each party specify sure roles and responsibilities for their leader. For example, nether Democratic rules for the 106th Congress, the minority leader may call meetings of the Democratic Caucus. They are a member of the Democratic Congressional Entrada Committee; names the members of the Democratic Leadership Council; chairs the Policy Committee; and heads the Steering Committee. Examples of other assignments are making "recommendations to the Speaker on all Democratic Members who shall serve as conferees" and nominating party members to the Committees on Rules and House Assistants. Republican rules place mostly comparable functions for their top party leader.

Informally, the minority leader has a wide range of party assignments. Lewis Deschler, the late House Parliamentarian (1928–1974), summarized the diverse duties of a party's floor leader:

A party'due south floor leader, in conjunction with other political party leaders, plays an influential role in the conception of party policy and programs. They are instrumental in guiding legislation favored by his political party through the House, or in resisting those programs of the other party that are considered undesirable by his ain party. They are instrumental in devising and implementing his party'southward strategy on the floor with respect to promoting or opposing legislation. They are kept constantly informed as to the condition of legislative business and as to the sentiment of his party respecting item legislation under consideration. Such information is derived in function from the floor leader'due south contacts with his party'due south members serving on Firm committees, and with the members of the party'south whip organization.^[34]

These and several other party roles merit further mention because they influence significantly the leader'due south overarching objective: retake majority control of the House. "I desire to go [my] members elected and win more seats," said Minority Leader Richard Gephardt, D-MO. "That'south what [my partisan colleagues] want to do, and that's what they want me to practice."^[35]

Five activities illustrate how minority leaders seek to accomplish this main goal.

Provide Entrada Assistance. Minority leaders are typically energetic and aggressive campaigners for partisan incumbents and challengers. There is hardly whatever major attribute of candidature that does not engage their attention. For instance, they assist in recruiting qualified candidates; they establish "leadership PACs" to raise and distribute funds to Business firm candidates of their party; they effort to persuade partisan colleagues not to retire or run for other offices so as to hold downward the number of open up seats the political party would need to defend; they coordinate their campaign activities with congressional and national party campaign committees; they encourage outside groups to back their candidates; they travel around the country to speak on behalf of party candidates; and they encourage incumbent colleagues to brand significant financial contributions to the party's campaign committee. "The amount of time that [Minority Leader] Gephardt is putting in to help the DCCC [Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee] is unheard of," noted a Democratic lobbyist."No DCCC chairman has e'er had that kind of support."^[36]

Devise Minority Political party Strategies. The minority leader, in consultation with other party colleagues, has a range of strategic options that they can employ to advance minority political party objectives. The options selected depend on a wide range of circumstances, such every bit the visibility or significance of the consequence and the caste of cohesion within the majority party. For instance, a majority party riven past internal dissension, as occurred during the early 1900s when Progressive and "regular" Republicans were at loggerheads, may provide the minority leader with greater opportunities to achieve their priorities than if the majority party exhibited loftier degrees of party cohesion. Among the variable strategies available to the minority party, which can vary from bill to nib and be used in combination or at unlike stages of the lawmaking process, are the post-obit:

Cooperation. The minority political party supports and cooperates with the majority party in building winning coalitions on the floor.

Inconsequential Opposition. The minority political party offers opposition, simply it is of marginal significance, typically because the minority is and so small.

Withdrawal. The minority political party chooses non to have a position on an issue, perhaps because of intraparty divisions.

Innovation. The minority party develops alternatives and agendas of its own and attempts to construct winning coalitions on their behalf.

Partisan Opposition. The minority party offers strong opposition to majority political party initiatives but does not counter with policy alternatives of their ain.

Constructive Opposition. The minority party opposes initiatives of the majority party and offers its ain proposals as substitutes.

Participation. The minority political party is in the position of having to consider the views and proposals of their president and to assess their majority-edifice role with respect to his priorities.^[a]

A wait at one minority leadership strategy—partisan opposition—may advise why information technology might exist employed in specific circumstances. The purposes of obstruction are several, such as frustrating the majority political party'due south ability to govern or attracting printing and media attention to the declared ineffectiveness of the bulk party. "We know how to delay," remarked Minority Leader Gephardt^[37] Dilatory motions to curb, appeals of the presiding officer'due south ruling, or numerous requests for roll phone call votes are standard time-consuming parliamentary tactics. By stalling activeness on the majority political party'southward calendar, the minority leader may be able to launch a entrada against a "do-nothing Congress" and convince enough voters to put his political party dorsum in charge of the House. To exist certain, the minority leader recognizes that "going negative" carries risks and may not be a winning strategy if his party fails to offer policy alternatives that appeal to broad segments of the general public.

Promote and Publicize the Party's Calendar. An of import aim of the minority leader is to develop an electorally bonny agenda of ideas and proposals that unites their own Firm members and that energizes and appeals to core electoral supporters too as independents and swing voters. Despite the minority leader'due south restricted ability to ready the Business firm'due south agenda, there are still opportunities for him to enhance minority priorities. For example, the minority leader may employ, or threaten to apply, belch petitions to try and bring minority priorities to the floor.^[38] If they are able to attract the required 218 signatures on a discharge petition by alluring majority party supporters, they can force minority initiatives to the floor over the opposition of the majority leadership. As a GOP minority leader one time said, the challenges he confronted are to "keep our people together, and to look for votes on the other side."^[39]

Minority leaders may appoint in numerous activities to publicize their party's priorities and to criticize the opposition's. For instance, to go along their party colleagues "on message," they insure that partisan colleagues are sent packets of suggested press releases or "talking points" for constituent meetings in their districts; they assistance to organize "town meetings" in Members' districts around the country to publicize the party's calendar or a specific priority, such as wellness care or instruction; they sponsor party "retreats" to discuss issues and assess the party'due south public image; they create "theme teams" to craft political party messages that might be raised during the 1-minute, forenoon hr, or special order period in the Business firm; they comport surveys of party colleagues to discern their policy preferences; they constitute websites that highlight and distribute party images and problems to users; and they organize task forces or event teams to formulate party programs and to develop strategies for communicating these programs to the public.

House minority leaders also hold joint news conferences and consult with their counterparts in the Senate—and with the president if their party controls the White House. The overall objectives are to develop a coordinated communications strategy, to share ideas and data, and to nowadays a united front end on issues. Minority leaders also make floor speeches and close fence on major issues earlier the House; they deliver addresses in diverse forums across the country, and they write books or articles that highlight minority party goals and achievements. They must also be prepared "to debate on the floor, ad lib, no notes, on a moment'due south notice," remarked Minority Leader Michel.^[xl] In brief, minority leaders are cardinal strategists in developing and promoting the party's agenda and in outlining means to neutralize the opposition's arguments and proposals.

Confer With the White Business firm. If their party controls the White House, the minority leader confers regularly with the President and his aides about issues earlier Congress, the Administration's calendar, and political events generally. Strategically, the role of the minority leader will vary depending on whether the President is of the aforementioned party or the other party. In general, minority leaders will often work to accelerate the goals and aspirations of their party's President in Congress. When Robert Michel, R-IL, was minority leader (1981–1995), he typically functioned as the "point human being" for Republican presidents.^[41] President Ronald Reagan's 1981 policy successes in the Democratic-controlled Business firm was due in no pocket-sized measure to Minority Leader Michel's effectiveness in wooing so-chosen "Reagan Democrats" to support, for instance, the Administration'south landmark upkeep reconciliation neb. At that place are occasions, of grade, when minority leaders will error the legislative initiatives of their President. On an administration proposal that could adversely affect his district, Michel stated that he might "abdicate my leadership part [on this upshot] since I tin't harmonize my ain views with the administration'due south."^[42] Minority Leader Gephardt, equally some other instance, has publicly opposed a number of President Clinton'southward legislative initiatives from "fast runway" trade authority to various upkeep issues.^[43]

When the White House is controlled by the Firm majority political party, then the Firm minority leader assumes a larger part in formulating alternatives to executive branch initiatives and in acting equally a national spokesperson for their party. "As Minority Leader during [President Lyndon Johnson'southward] Democratic administration, my responsibility has been to propose Republican alternatives," said Minority Leader Gerald Ford, R-MI.^[44] Greatly outnumbered in the House, Minority Leader Ford devised a political strategy that allowed Republicans to offering their alternatives in a manner that provided them political protection. Every bit Ford explained:

"We used a technique of laying our program out in general debate," he said. When we got to the amendment stage, we would offer our plan as a substitute for the Johnson proposal. If we lost in the Commission of the Whole, then we would usually offer information technology as a motion to recommit and get a vote on that. And if we lost on the motion to recommit, our Republican members had a option: They could vote against the Johnson program and say we did our best to come up up with a better alternative. Or they could vote for information technology and make the same statement. Usually we lost; but when you're merely 140 out of 435, you don't wait to win many.^[45]

Ford too teamed with Senate Minority Leader Everett Dirksen, R-IL, to human action every bit national spokesmen for their political party. They met with the press every Thursday following the weekly articulation leadership meeting. Ford's predecessor as minority leader, Charles Halleck, R-IN, probably received more visibility in this function, because the press and media dubbed it the "Ev and Charlie Show." In fact, the "Republican National Committee approaching $xxx,000 annually to produce the weekly news conference."^[46]

Foster Party Harmony. Minority status, by itself, is often an important inducement for minority party members to stay together, to accommodate different interests, and to submerge intraparty factional disagreements. To hold a various membership together often requires extensive consultations and discussions with rank-and-file Members and with different factional groupings. As Minority Leader Gephardt said:

Nosotros have weekly caucus meetings. We take daily leadership meetings. Nosotros have weekly ranking Fellow member meetings. We have party effectiveness meetings. At that place's a lot more communication. I believe leadership is bottom up, not top downward. I recollect yous accept to build policy and strategy and vision from the bottom up, and involve people in figuring out what that is.^[47]

Gephardt added that "inclusion and empowerment of the people on the line have to be done to go the best functioning" from the minority political party.^[48] Other techniques for fostering party harmony include the appointment of task forces composed of partisan colleagues with conflicting views to attain consensus on issues; the creation of new leadership positions equally a way to reach out and involve a greater diversity of partisans in the leadership structure; and daily meetings in the Leader's office (or at breakfast, lunch, or dinner) to lay out floor strategy or political objectives for the minority party.

Party whips and assistant party leaders [edit]

Whips [edit]

A whip manages their political party'south legislative program on the House floor. The whip keeps rail of all legislation and ensures that all party members are present when important measures are to exist voted upon.

The Majority Whip is an elected fellow member of the majority party who assists the Speaker of the House and the majority leader to coordinate ideas on, and garner support for, proposed legislation. They are reckoned as the third-ranking member of his or her party behind the Speaker and the Majority Leader.

The Minority Whip is a fellow member of the minority party who assists the minority leader in analogous the political party caucus in its responses to legislation and other matters. They are reckoned as the second most powerful member of his or her political party, backside the minority leader. However, the U.South. House of Representatives does not use the term "minority whip," instead calling the position "Republican Whip" or "Autonomous Whip" depending on the minority party.

The Master Deputy Whip is the primary assistant to the whip, who is the chief vote counter for their party. The electric current principal deputy minority whip is Republican Drew Ferguson. Within the House Republican Conference, the principal deputy whip is the highest appointed position and often a launching pad for future positions in the Firm Leadership. Cantor and McCarthy, for instance, served as chief deputy Republican whips before ascending to the majority leader'due south post. The House Democratic Conference has multiple chief deputy whips, led by a Senior Chief Deputy Whip, which is the highest appointed position within the House Autonomous Conclave. John Lewis held this post from 1991 until his death in 2020. January Schakowsky held the position of senior chief deputy majority whip along with Lewis since 2019, previously holding a position equally chief deputy whip since 2005. Between 1955 and 1973, the Democrats simply had the title Deputy Whip.^[49]

List of Republican Main Deputy Whips

• 1981–1983: David F. Emery (Minority)
• 1983–1987: Tom Loeffler (Minority)
• 1987–1989: Edward Rell Madigan (Minority)
• 1989–1993: Steve Gunderson and Robert Smith Walker (Minority)
• 1993–1995: Robert Smith Walker (Minority)
• 1995–1999: Dennis Hastert (Bulk)
• 1999–2003: Roy Blunt (Bulk)
• 2003–2009: Eric Cantor (Majority, 2003–2007; Minority, 2007–2009)
• 2009–2011: Kevin McCarthy (Minority)
• 2011–2014: Peter Roskam (Majority)
• 2014–2019: Patrick McHenry (Majority)
• 2019–present: Drew Ferguson (Minority)

Listing of Democratic Chief Deputy Whips

• 1955–1962: Hale Boggs (Majority)
• 1962–1971: Tip O'Neill (Majority)
• 1971–1973: John Brademas, John J. McFall (Majority)
• 1973–1977: John Brademas (Majority)
• 1977–1981: Dan Rostenkowski (Majority)
• 1981–1987: Bill Alexander (Majority)
• 1987–1991: David Bonior (Majority)
• 1991–1993: Butler Derrick, Barbara Kennelly, John Lewis (Majority)
• 1993–1995: Butler Derrick, Barbara Kennelly, John Lewis, Bill Richardson (Majority)
• 1995–1997: Rosa DeLauro, John Lewis, Bill Richardson (Minority)
• 1997–1999: Rosa DeLauro, Chet Edwards, John Lewis, Bob Menendez (Minority)
• 1999–2002: Chet Edwards, John Lewis, Ed Pastor, Maxine Waters (Minority)
• 2002–2003: John Lewis, Ed Pastor, Max Sandlin, Maxine Waters (Minority)
• 2003–2005: John Lewis (Senior Chief Deputy Whip), Joe Crowley, Baron Hill, Ron Kind, Ed Pastor, Max Sandlin, Jan Schakowsky, Maxine Waters (Minority)
• 2005–2007: John Lewis (Senior Chief Deputy Whip), Joe Crowley, Diana DeGette, Ron Kind, Ed Pastor, January Schakowsky, John Tanner, Maxine Waters (Minority)
• 2007–2011: John Lewis (Senior Master Deputy Whip), G. K. Butterfield, Joe Crowley, Diana DeGette, Ed Pastor, Jan Schakowsky, Debbie Wasserman Schultz, John Tanner, Maxine Waters (Majority)
• 2011–2013: John Lewis (Senior Chief Deputy Whip), G. Yard. Butterfield, Joe Crowley, Diana DeGette, Jim Matheson, Ed Pastor, Jan Schakowsky, Debbie Wasserman Schultz, Maxine Waters, Peter Welch (Minority)
• 2013–2015: John Lewis (Senior Chief Deputy Whip), G. Grand. Butterfield, Diana DeGette, Keith Ellison, Ben Ray Lujan, Jim Matheson, Jan Schakowsky, Debbie Wasserman Schultz, Terri Sewell, Peter Welch (Minority)
• 2015–2019: John Lewis (Senior Chief Deputy Whip), M. K. Butterfield, Joaquin Castro, Diana DeGette, Keith Ellison, Jan Schakowsky, Debbie Wasserman Schultz, Terri Sewell, Kyrsten Sinema, Peter Welch (Minority)
• 2019–nowadays: Cedric Richmond (until January 15, 2021) (Assistant to the Bulk Whip), John Lewis (until July 17, 2020), Jan Schakowsky (Senior Principal Deputy Whips), Pete Aguilar, One thousand. Chiliad. Butterfield, Henry Cuellar, Sheila Jackson Lee, Dan Kildee, Debbie Wasserman Schultz, Terri Sewell, Peter Welch (Bulk)

Assistant political party leaders [edit]

The position of Banana Autonomous Leader was established past Nancy Pelosi on January 3, 2011 and filled by Jim Clyburn to avert a battle for whip betwixt then-Majority Leader Steny Hoyer and so-Bulk Whip Jim Clyburn. The title has undergone several name changes, with the championship currently known equally the titular "Assistant Speaker of the House of Representatives"; it is said to supersede the Assistant to the Leader mail service first established in 1999; and previously held by Chris Van Hollen. In that location is currently no Republican equivalent in the U.S. Business firm of Representatives.

List of Business firm Autonomous Assistants to the Leader

• 1999–2003: Rosa DeLauro
• 2003–2007: John Spratt
• 2007–2009: Xavier Becerra
• 2009–2011: Chris Van Hollen

List of House Assistant Autonomous Leaders

• 2011–2019: Jim Clyburn

Listing of Banana Speakers of the House of Representatives

• 2019–2021: Ben Ray Luján
• 2021–present: Katherine Clark

List of party leaders and whips [edit]

The Speaker and President are included for historical and comparative reference.

Cong ress	Years	Democratic whip	Democratic leader	Speaker	Republican leader	Republican whip		U.S. President
56th	1899–1901	Oscar Underwood[b] (Alabama)	James D. Richardson (Tennessee)	— GOP Speaker – David B. Henderson (Iowa)	— Bulk — Sereno E. Payne (New York)	— Majority — James Albertus Tawney (Minnesota)		William McKinley (Republican)
57th	1901–1903	James Tilghman Lloyd (Missouri)						Theodore Roosevelt (Republican)
58th	1903–1905		John Abrupt Williams (Mississippi)	— GOP Speaker – Joe Cannon (Illinois)
59th	1905–1907					— Bulk — James E. Watson (Indiana)
60th	1907–1908
	1908–1909
61st	1909–1911	None	Gnaw Clark (Missouri)			— Bulk — John W. Dwight (New York)		William Howard Taft (Republican)
62nd	1911–1913	None	— Majority — Oscar Underwood (Alabama)	— Dem Speaker – Champ Clark (Missouri)	James Mann (Illinois)	John W. Dwight (New York)
63rd	1913–1915	— Majority — Thomas M. Bell (Georgia)				Charles H. Burke (South Dakota)		Woodrow Wilson (Democratic)
64th	1915–1917	None	— Majority — Claude Kitchin (N Carolina)			Charles M. Hamilton (New York)
65th	1917–1919
66th	1919–1921	None	Champ Clark (Missouri)	— GOP Speaker – Frederick H. Gillett (Massachusetts)	— Bulk — Frank West. Mondell (Wyoming)	— Majority — Harold Knutson (Minnesota)
67th	1921–1923	William A. Oldfield (Arkansas)	Claude Kitchin (North Carolina)					Warren G. Harding (Republican)
68th	1923–1925		Finis J. Garrett (Tennessee)		— Majority — Nicholas Longworth (Ohio)	— Bulk — Albert H. Vestal (Indiana)		Calvin Coolidge (Republican)
69th	1925–1927			— GOP Speaker – Nicholas Longworth (Ohio)	— Bulk — John Q. Tilson (Connecticut)
70th	1927–1929
71st	1929–1931	John McDuffie (Alabama)	John Nance Garner (Texas)					Herbert Hoover (Republican)
72nd	1931–1933	— Majority — John McDuffie (Alabama)	— Majority — Henry T. Rainey (Illinois)	— Dem Speaker – John Nance Garner (Texas)	Bertrand Snell (New York)	Carl G. Bachmann (West Virginia)
73rd	1933–1935	— Majority — Arthur H. Greenwood (Indiana)	— Majority — Jo Byrns (Tennessee)	— Dem Speaker – Henry T. Rainey (Illinois)		Harry Fifty. Englebright (California)		Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democratic)
74th	1935–1936	— Majority — Patrick J. Boland (Pennsylvania)	— Majority — William Bankhead (Alabama)	— Dem Speaker – Jo Byrns (Tennessee)
	1936–1937		— Majority — Sam Rayburn (Texas)	— Dem Speaker – William B. Bankhead (Alabama)
75th	1937–1939
76th	1939–1940				Joseph W. Martin Jr. (Massachusetts)
	1940–1941		— Majority — John Due west. McCormack (Massachusetts)	— Dem Speaker – Sam Rayburn (Texas)
77th	1941–1942
	1942–1943	— Majority — Robert Ramspeck (Georgia)
78th	1943–1943
	1943–1945					Leslie Arends (Illinois)
79th	1945–1945							Harry S. Truman (Democratic)
	1946–1947	— Majority — John Sparkman (Alabama)
80th	1947–1949	John W. McCormack (Massachusetts)	Sam Rayburn (Texas)	— GOP Speaker – Joseph W. Martin Jr. (Massachusetts)	— Bulk — Charles Halleck (Indiana)	— Majority — Leslie Arends (Illinois)
81st	1949–1951	— Bulk — Percy Priest (Tennessee)	— Majority — John Due west. McCormack (Massachusetts)	— Dem Speaker – Sam Rayburn (Texas)	Joseph Westward. Martin Jr. (Massachusetts)	Leslie Arends (Illinois)
82nd	1951–1953
83rd	1953–1955	John Westward. McCormack (Massachusetts)	Sam Rayburn (Texas)	— GOP Speaker – Joseph W. Martin Jr. (Massachusetts)	— Majority — Charles A. Halleck (Indiana)	— Majority — Leslie C. Arends (Illinois)		Dwight D. Eisenhower (Republican)
84th	1955–1957	— Bulk — Carl Albert (Oklahoma)	— Bulk — John W. McCormack (Massachusetts)	— Dem Speaker – Sam Rayburn (Texas)	Joseph W. Martin Jr. (Massachusetts)	Leslie C. Arends (Illinois)
85th	1957–1959
86th	1959–1961				Charles Halleck (Indiana)
87th	1961–1962							John F. Kennedy (Democratic)
	1962–1963	— Bulk — Hale Boggs (Louisiana)	— Bulk — Carl Albert (Oklahoma)	— Dem Speaker – John Westward. McCormack (Massachusetts)
88th	1963–1965							Lyndon B. Johnson (Democratic)
89th	1965–1967				Gerald Ford (Michigan)
90th	1967–1969
91st	1969–1971							Richard Nixon (Republican)
92nd	1971–1973	— Majority — Tip O'Neill (Massachusetts)	— Majority — Hale Boggs (Louisiana)	— Dem Speaker – Carl Albert (Oklahoma)
93rd	1973–1973	— Bulk — John J. McFall (California)	— Majority — Tip O'Neill (Massachusetts)
	1973–1975				John Rhodes (Arizona)
94th	1975–1977					Bob Michel (Illinois)		Gerald Ford (Republican)
95th	1977–1979	— Majority — John Brademas (Indiana)	— Majority — Jim Wright (Texas)	— Dem Speaker – Tip O'Neill (Massachusetts)				Jimmy Carter (Democratic)
96th	1979–1981
97th	1981–1983	— Majority — Tom Foley (Washington)			Bob Michel (Illinois)	Trent Lott (Mississippi)		Ronald Reagan (Republican)
98th	1983–1985
99th	1985–1987
100th	1987–1989	— Bulk — Tony Coelho (California)	— Bulk — Tom Foley (Washington)	— Dem Speaker – Jim Wright (Texas)
101st	1989–1989					Dick Cheney (Wyoming)		George H.Due west. Bush (Republican)
	1989–1991	— Majority — William H. Gray III (Pennsylvania)	— Bulk — Dick Gephardt (Missouri)	— Dem Speaker – Tom Foley (Washington)		Newt Gingrich (Georgia)
102nd	1991–1991
	1991–1993	— Bulk — David Bonior (Michigan)
103rd	1993–1995							Bill Clinton (Democratic)
104th	1995–1997	David Bonior (Michigan)	Dick Gephardt (Missouri)	— GOP Speaker – Newt Gingrich (Georgia)	— Majority — Dick Armey (Texas)	— Majority — Tom Delay (Texas)
105th	1997–1999
106th	1999–2001			— GOP Speaker – Dennis Hastert (Illinois)
107th	2001–2002							George W. Bush (Republican)
	2002–2003	Nancy Pelosi (California)
108th	2003–2005	Steny Hoyer (Maryland)	Nancy Pelosi (California)		— Majority — Tom DeLay (Texas)	— Bulk — Roy Edgeless (Missouri)
109th	2005–2005
	2005–2006				— Bulk — Roy Edgeless (Missouri, Acting)
	2006–2007				— Majority — John Boehner (Ohio)
110th	2007–2009	— Majority — Jim Clyburn (South Carolina)	— Majority — Steny Hoyer (Maryland)	— Dem Speaker – Nancy Pelosi (California)	John Boehner (Ohio)	Roy Blunt (Missouri)
111th	2009–2011					Eric Cantor (Virginia)	Barack Obama (Autonomous)
112th	2011–2013	Steny Hoyer (Maryland)	Nancy Pelosi (California)	— GOP Speaker – John Boehner (Ohio)	— Majority — Eric Cantor (Virginia)	— Majority — Kevin McCarthy (California)
113th	2013–2014
	2014–2015				— Bulk — Kevin McCarthy (California)	— Majority — Steve Scalise (Louisiana)
114th	2015–2015
	2015–2017			— GOP Speaker – Paul Ryan (Wisconsin)
115th	2017–2019						Donald Trump (Republican)
116th	2019–2021	— Majority — Jim Clyburn (South Carolina)	— Bulk — Steny Hoyer (Maryland)	— Dem Speaker – Nancy Pelosi (California)	Kevin McCarthy (California)	Steve Scalise (Louisiana)
117th	2021–nowadays						Joe Biden (Democratic)
Cong ress	Years	Autonomous whip	Democratic leader	Speaker	Republican leader	Republican whip	U.Southward. President

See also [edit]

• Party leaders of the United States Senate
• Divided government in the United States

Notes [edit]

1. ^ These strategic options have been modified to a degree and come from Jones, The Minority Party in Congress, p. twenty.
2. ^ Sources differ on the dates that Underwood served as Whip:
   • One indicates that he served from 1899 to 1901. Meet "Democratic Whips". Office of the Clerk, U.South. House of Representatives. Archived from the original on October eleven, 2011. Retrieved Apr 21, 2010.
   • Another indicates that he served only during 1901. See Heitshusen, Valerie (Feb 27, 2007). "Party Leaders in Congress, 1789-2007: Vital Statistics" (PDF). Congressional Enquiry Service: CRS–11. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 27, 2010. Retrieved Apr 21, 2010.
   • According to a contemporary paper article, "Representative Underwood has been voluntarily filling that position [Democratic whip] since Congress convened" (December 4, 1899). Encounter "Call for a Democratic Conclave". The New York Times. January 9, 1900. p. 8.

References [edit]

•  This article incorporates public domain cloth from the Congressional Research Service certificate: Mark J. Oleszek. "The Office of the House Minority Leader: An Overview" (PDF).

1. ^ ^{a b} "N.Y. Dem might vote for Boehner". Pol. November 23, 2010. Retrieved June vii, 2011.
2. ^ "Majority leader, vus ist?". JTA. January v, 2011. Archived from the original on March 28, 2012. Retrieved January 4, 2011.
3. ^ Heitshusen, Valerie (April 24, 2017). Party Leaders in the House: Election, Duties, and Responsibilities (PDF) (Report). Congressional Enquiry Service. pp. ii–3. RS20881. Retrieved July 24, 2017.
4. ^ Berg-Andersson, Richard E. (June seven, 2001). "A Brief History of Congressional Leadership". The Green Papers (self-published website & weblog) . Retrieved January 5, 2006.
5. ^ "Majority Leaders of the House (1899 to nowadays)". U.Due south. House History, Fine art & Athenaeum. U.South. House of Representatives. Retrieved June 10, 2014.
6. ^ "Best & Worst of Congress - News & Features". washingtonian.com. September 2004. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
7. ^ "Pelosi wants to remain leader". Miami Herald. ^{[ dead link ]}
8. ^ Memoli, Michael A. (November 17, 2010). "Nancy Pelosi is House minority leader". Los Angeles Times.
9. ^ "Eric Cantor will leave House leadership post after stunning loss". CNN. June 11, 2014.
10. ^ Zeleny, Jeff; Parkinson, John (June eleven, 2014). "Eric Cantor Stepping Downward as House Majority Leader". ABC News.
11. ^ Kim, Clare (June 10, 2014). "Eric Cantor loses GOP primary to tea party challenger Dave Deviling". MSNBC. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
12. ^ "Cantor's Loss: A Stunning Upset". The Atlantic. Politico.com. Retrieved June 10, 2014.
13. ^ Ostermeier, Eric (June 10, 2014). "Eric Cantor 1st House Majority Leader to Lose Renomination Bid in History". Smart Politics. Archived from the original on June 12, 2014. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
14. ^ Costa, Robert (June 10, 2014). "Eric Cantor Succumbs to Tea Party Challenger Tuesday". The Washington Post.
15. ^ "Eric Cantor Tells Virginia Newspaper He'll Resign in August". NBC News. August one, 2014.
16. ^ Quoted in Riddick, Floyd 1000. (1941). Congressional Process. Boston: Chapman and Grimes. p. 346.
17. ^ Run into Nelson, Garrison (Fall 1976). "Leadership Position-Holding in the U.s.a. House of Representatives". Capitol Studies (4): 17.
18. ^ Young, James Sterling (1966). The Washington Community, 1800-1828. New York: Harcourt Brace. pp. 135–136.
19. ^ Young, James Sterling (1966). The Washington Community, 1800-1828. New York: Harcourt Brace. p. 137.
20. ^ Nelson, Garrison (Fall 1976). "Leadership Position-Holding in the United States Business firm of Representatives". Capitol Studies (4): 18.
21. ^ Ripley, Randall B. (1967). Party Leaders in the House of Representatives. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution. pp. 28n.
22. ^ Ripley, Randall B. (1967). Political party Leaders in the House of Representatives. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution. p. 28.
23. ^ 1883Congressional Record, Vol. 29, Page four-5 (December three, 1883)
24. ^ McNeil, Neil (1963). Forge of Republic: The House of Representatives. New York: David McKay Co. p. 70.
25. ^ Herbert Bruce Fuller, The Speakers of the Firm (Boston: Little, Chocolate-brown, and Co., 1909), p. 208.
26. ^ DeAlva Stanwood Alexander, History and Process of the House of Representatives (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1916), p. 131.
27. ^ ^{a b} Nelson, Garrison (Fall 1976). "Leadership Position-Property in the United states of america House of Representatives". Capitol Studies (four): xix.
28. ^ Randall Strahan, "Thomas Brackett Reed and the Rise of Political party Regime," in Roger Davidson, et al., eds., Masters of the House (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1998), p. 36.
29. ^ Meet Polsby, Nelson (September 1968). "The Institutionalization of the U.S. House of Representatives". American Political Science Review. pp. 144–168.
30. ^ "Minority Leaders of the House (1899 to present) | Us House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives". history.business firm.gov . Retrieved May twenty, 2020.
31. ^ Sources: Fighting for the Speakership: The Firm and the Rise of Party Authorities, by Jeffery A. Jenkins and Charles Haines Stewart and Archive of OurCampaigns.com
32. ^ Charles O. Jones, The Minority Party in Congress (Boston: Piddling, Dark-brown and Co., 1970), p. 31.
33. ^ Ripley, Randall B. (1967). Party Leaders in the House of Representatives. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution. pp. 98–99.
34. ^ Lewis Deschler, Deschler's Precedents of the U.s. House of Representatives, Vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977), pp. 211-212.
35. ^ Guy Gugliotta, "For Minority Leader, A Affair of Consensus; Inquiry Vote Tests Gephardt's Skills," The Washington Post, October 8, 1998, pp. A18.
36. ^ Barnes, James A.; Stone, Peter H. (February 26, 2000). "A Rich Harvest on the Hill". National Journal. p. 640.
37. ^ Babson, Jennifer (July 15, 1995). "Democrats Refine the Tactics of Minority Party Ability". Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report. Congressional Quarterly. p. 2037.
38. ^ Wallison, Ethan (May 17, 1999). "Gephardt Plans Petition Strategy". Roll Call. p. 1.
39. ^ Arieff, Irwin (February 28, 1981). "Inside Congress". Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report. Congressional Quarterly. p. 379.
40. ^ 1989Congressional Record, Vol. 135, Page E3000 (September 12, 1989)
41. ^ William F. Connelly, Jr. and John J. Pitney, Jr., Congress' Permanent Minority? Republicans in the U.Southward. House (Lanham, Maryland: Littlefield Adams, 1994), p. 15.
42. ^ Dorothy Collin, "Michel Plays to Peoria -- and U.S.," Chicago Tribune, August 16, 1982, p. 2.
43. ^ See Jim Vande Hei, "White House Sidesteps Gephardt'south Leadership," Roll Call, July 7, 1997, p. 1.
44. ^ James M. Cannon, "Minority Leaders of the United States Business firm of Representatives, 1965-1973," in Masters of the Firm, p. 275.
45. ^ James M. Cannon, "Minority Leaders of the United States Firm of Representatives, 1965-1973," in Masters of the Firm, p. 271.
46. ^ Burdette Loomis, "The Consummate Minority Leader: Everette M. Dirksen," in Richard Baker and Roger Davidson, eds., First Among Equals (Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 1991), p. 250.
47. ^ Eliza Newlin Carney, "Don't Count United states of america Out," National Journal, April 29, 1995, p. 1024.
48. ^ Davidson, et al., Masters of the Business firm, pp.323.
49. ^ Sinclair, Barbara (June 26, 1998). Legislators, Leaders, and Lawmaking: The U.S. House of Representatives in the Postreform Era. JHU Press. ISBN9780801857126 . Retrieved May 20, 2020 – via Google Books.

External links [edit]

• Part of the Majority Leader (Democratic Leader)
• Role of the Majority Whip (Democratic Whip)

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives

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